docs/Writerside/topics/allocator.h.md

# Allocator

The allocator interface provides a mechanism to implement own custom allocators 
that can also be used in many other functions in UCX.

A default allocator implementation using the stdlib functions is
available via the global symbol `cxStdlibAllocator`,
and UCX also provides a [memory pool](mempool.h.md) implementation.
You are free to add your additional, own custom implementations.
A general sketch that illustrates how to do this can be found [below](#custom-allocator).

## Default Allocator

The global default allocator which is used by UCX
when no specific allocator is specified
can be configured via the `cxDefaultAllocator`.
It is by default set to the `cxStdlibAllocator`.

## Overview

```C
#include <cx/allocator.h>

void *cxMalloc(const CxAllocator *allocator, size_t n);

void *cxZalloc(const CxAllocator *allocator, size_t n);

void *cxCalloc(const CxAllocator *allocator,
        size_t nmemb, size_t size);

void *cxRealloc(const CxAllocator *allocator, void *mem, size_t n);

void *cxReallocArray(const CxAllocator *allocator, void *mem,
        size_t nmemb, size_t size);

int cxReallocate(const CxAllocator *allocator, void **mem, size_t n);

int cxReallocateArray(const CxAllocator *allocator, void **mem,
        size_t nmemb, size_t size);
    
void cxFree(const CxAllocator *allocator, void *mem);

void *cx_zalloc(size_t n);

int cx_reallocate(void **mem, size_t n);

int cx_reallocatearray(void **mem, size_t nmemb, size_t size);

// predefined allocator that uses stdlib functions
CxAllocator * const cxStdlibAllocator;

// default allocator that can be changed
CxAllocator *cxDefaultAllocator = cxStdlibAllocator;

// convenience macros that invoke the above with cxDefaultAllocator
#define cxMallocDefault(...)
#define cxZallocDefault(...)
#define cxCallocDefault(...)
#define cxReallocDefault(...)
#define cxReallocateDefault(...)
#define cxReallocateArrayDefault(...)
#define cxReallocArrayDefault(...)
#define cxFreeDefault(...)
```

> All UCX functions that are not _explicitly_ designed for taking an allocator argument
> (recognizable by a `_a` suffix in the function's name) do support a `NULL` argument
> in which case the `cxDefaultAllocator` will be used.
> 
> You may change the default allocator at any time, but it is strongly recommended to
> do it only once at program start to avoid accidentally freeing memory that was
> allocated by a different allocator.

## Description

The functions `cxMalloc()`, `cxCalloc()`, `cxRealloc()`, `cxReallocArray()`, and `cxFree()`
invoke the memory management functions specified in the `allocator` and should behave like
their respective stdlibc pendants.
Implementations of the allocator interface are strongly encouraged to guarantee this behavior,
most prominently that invocations of `cxFree()` with a `NULL`-pointer for `mem` are ignored
instead of causing segfault error.

The functions `cxZalloc()` and `cx_zalloc()` allocate memory and set every allocated byte to zero.
The latter is merely a macro for stdlibc `calloc(1,n)`.

Additionally, UCX provides the functions `cxReallocate()` and `cxReallocateArray()`, as well as
their independent pendants `cx_reallocate()` and `cx_reallocatearray()`.
All those functions solve the problem that a possible reallocation might fail,
leading to a quite common programming mistake:

```C
// common mistake - mem will be lost hen realloc() returns NULL
mem = realloc(mem, capacity + 32);
if (mem == NULL) // ... do error handling
```

The above code can be replaced with `cx_reallocate()` which keeps the pointer intact and returns an error code instead.

```C
// when cx_reallocate() fails, mem will still point to the old memory
if (cx_reallocate(&mem, capacity + 32)) // ... do error handling
```

> Please pay special attention to always use `cxFree()` and the  `cxRealloc()`-family of functions
> with the **same** allocator that was used to allocate the memory.
{style="warning"}

## Custom Allocator

If you want to define your own allocator, you need to initialize the `CxAllocator` structure
with a pointer to an allocator class (containing function pointers for the memory management
functions) and an optional pointer to custom data. An example is shown below:

```c

struct my_allocator_state {
    // ... some internal state ...
};

static cx_allocator_class my_allocator_class = {
        my_malloc_impl,
        my_realloc_impl, // all these functions are somewhere defined
        my_calloc_impl,
        my_free_impl
};

CxAllocator create_my_allocator(void) {
    CxAllocator alloc;
    alloc.cl = &my_allocator_class;
    struct my_allocator_state *state = malloc(sizeof(*state));
    // ... initialize state ...
    alloc.data = state;
    return alloc;
}

void destroy_my_allocator(CxAllocator *al) {
    struct my_allocator_state *state = al->state;
    // ... destroy state --
    free(state);
}
```

When you are implementing 

## Destructor Functions

The `allocator.h` header also declares two function pointers for destructor functions.

```C
#include <cx/allocator.h>

typedef void (*cx_destructor_func)(void *memory);
typedef void (*cx_destructor_func2)(void *data, void *memory);
```

The first one is called _simple_ destructor (e.g. in the context of [collections](collection.h.md)),
and the second one is called _advanced_ destructor.
The only difference is that you can pass additional custom `data` to an advanced destructor function.

Destructor functions play a vital role in deep deallocations.
Another scenario, besides destroying elements in a collection, is the deallocation of objects
stored in a [memory pool](mempool.h.md) or deallocations of deeply nested [JSON](json.h.md) objects.

> Destructor functions are not to be confused with `free()`-like functions.
> The fundamental differences are that 
> * it is not safe to pass `NULL` to a destructor function
> * a destructor may only deallocate the contents inside an object but not the object itself, depending on context
>
{style="note"}

> For example, when you are using a [list](list.h.md) that stores elements directly, a destructor function
> assigned to that collection may only destroy the element's contents but must not deallocate the element's memory.
> On the other hand, when the list is storing just pointers to the elements, you _may_ want the destructor
> function to also deallocate the element's memory when the element is removed from that list.

## Clone Function

```C
#include <cx/allocator.h>

typedef void*(cx_clone_func)(
        void *target, const void *source,
        const CxAllocator *allocator,
        void *data);
```

A clone function is a callback invoked when a deep copy of an object is supposed to be made.
If `target` is not `NULL`, memory for the first level was already allocated, and only the deeper levels need to
be allocated by the clone function.
If `target` is `NULL`, the clone function must allocate all memory.
The `source` pointer is never `NULL` and points to the source object.
The optional `data` pointer can be used to pass additional state.

All allocations should be performed by the specified allocator, which is guaranteed to be not `NULL`.

A very basic clone function that performs a deep copy of a struct with two strings is shown below.

```C
#include <cx/string.h>
#include <cx/allocator.h>

struct kv_pair {
    cxmutstr key;
    cxmutstr value;
};

void *clone_kv_pair(
        void *target, const void *source,
        const CxAllocator *allocator,
        [[maybe_unused]] void *data) {
    const struct kv_pair *src = source;
    struct kv_pair *dst;
    if (target == NULL) {
        dst = cxMalloc(allocator, sizeof(struct kv_pair));
    } else {
        dst = target;
    }
    dst->key = cx_strdup_a(allocator, src->key);
    dst->value = cx_strdup_a(allocator, src->value);
    return dst;
}
```

Clone functions are, for example, used by the functions to clone [lists](list.h.md#clone) or [maps](map.h.md#clone).

<seealso>
<category ref="apidoc">
<a href="https://ucx.sourceforge.io/api/allocator_8h.html">allocator.h</a>
</category>
</seealso>